Chiyambi cha Kraft Paper

Kraft PaperLiwu lofanana ndi "mphamvu" mu Chijeremani ndi "chikopa cha ng'ombe".

Poyambirira, zopangira mapepala zinali nsanza ndipo zamkati zofufumitsa zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pake, pakupangidwa kwa crusher, njira yopukutira yamakina idakhazikitsidwa, ndipo zida zidasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zafibrous kudzera pa crusher. Mu 1750, Herinda Bita wa ku Netherlands anatulukira makina osindikizira mapepala, ndipo kupanga mapepala aakulu kunayamba. Kufunika kwa zinthu zopangira mapepala kudaposa zomwe zidaperekedwa.
Choncho, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, anthu anayamba kufufuza ndi kupanga zinthu zina zopangira mapepala. Mu 1845, Keira anapanga zamkati zamatabwa pansi. Mtundu uwu wa zamkati umapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa ndipo umaphwanyidwa kukhala ulusi pogwiritsa ntchito hydraulic kapena mechanical pressure. Komabe, matabwa a matabwa a pansi amasunga pafupifupi zigawo zonse za matabwa, ndi ulusi waufupi ndi wobiriwira, kuyera kochepa, mphamvu zofooka, ndi chikasu chosavuta pambuyo posungira nthawi yaitali. Komabe, mtundu uwu wa zamkati uli ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito komanso mtengo wotsika. Kupera nkhuni nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyuzipepala ndi makatoni.

Mu 1857, Hutton anatulukira mankhwala zamkati. Mtundu uwu wa zamkati ukhoza kugawidwa kukhala sulfite zamkati, sulfate zamkati, ndi caustic soda zamkati, kutengera delignification wothandizira ntchito. The caustic soda pulping njira yopangidwa ndi Hardon imaphatikizapo kutenthetsa zopangira mu njira ya sodium hydroxide pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamitengo yokhala ndi masamba otakata komanso tsinde ngati mbewu.
Mu 1866, Chiruman adapeza zamkati za sulfite, zomwe zidapangidwa powonjezera zopangira ku yankho la acidic sulfite lomwe lili ndi sulfite wochulukirapo ndikuphika pansi pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kukakamizidwa kuti achotse zonyansa monga lignin ku zigawo za mbewu. Zamkati zothira ndi nkhuni zosakanikirana zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira nyuzipepala, pomwe zamkati zowukitsidwa ndizoyenera kupanga mapepala apamwamba komanso apakati.
Mu 1883, Daru anapanga sulphate zamkati, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza kwa sodium hydroxide ndi sodium sulfide pophika kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zambiri za ulusi wa zamkati zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njirayi, zimatchedwa "chikopa cha ng'ombe". Kraft zamkati ndizovuta kuyeretsa chifukwa cha zotsalira za brown lignin, koma zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kotero pepala lopangidwa ndi kraft ndiloyenera kwambiri kuyika mapepala. Zamkati zothira bleached zitha kuwonjezedwa pamapepala ena kuti apange mapepala osindikizira, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamapepala a kraft ndi mapepala a malata. Ponseponse, chiyambireni kutuluka kwa zamkati zamankhwala monga zamkati za sulfite ndi zamkati za sulfate, pepala lasintha kuchoka ku chinthu chapamwamba kukhala chinthu chotsika mtengo.
Mu 1907, Europe idapanga zamkati za sulfite ndi zamkati zosakanikirana za hemp. M’chaka chomwecho, dziko la United States linakhazikitsa fakitale yoyamba yopangira mapepala a kraft. Bates amadziwika kuti ndiye woyambitsa "matumba a mapepala a kraft". Poyamba adagwiritsa ntchito pepala la kraft poyika mchere ndipo pambuyo pake adapeza chiphaso cha "Bates pulp".
Mu 1918, dziko la United States ndi Germany linayamba kupanga matumba a mapepala opangidwa ndi makina. Lingaliro la Houston la "kusintha kwa mapepala olembetsera olemera" nawonso adayamba kuwonekera panthawiyo.
Kampani ya Santo Rekis Paper ku United States idalowa bwino mumsika waku Europe pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosokera wamakina osokera, womwe pambuyo pake udayambitsidwa ku Japan mu 1927.