Chiyambi cha Kraft Paper

Kraft Paper Mawu ofanana ndi akuti "wamphamvu" mu Chijeremani ndi "ng'ombe".

Poyamba, zinthu zopangira mapepala zinali nsanza ndipo zamkati zowiritsa zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pake, ndi kupangidwa kwa chotsukira, njira yopangira makina inagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo zinthu zopangirazo zinasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi kudzera mu chotsukira. Mu 1750, Herinda Bita wa ku Netherlands adapanga makina opangira mapepala, ndipo kupanga mapepala akuluakulu kunayamba. Kufunika kwa zinthu zopangira mapepala kunapitirira kwambiri kupezeka.
Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu anayamba kufufuza ndikupanga zinthu zina zopangira mapepala. Mu 1845, Keira adapanga zamkati zamatabwa odulidwa. Mtundu uwu wa zamkati umapangidwa ndi matabwa ndipo umaphwanyidwa kukhala ulusi kudzera mu mphamvu ya hydraulic kapena makina. Komabe, zamkati zamatabwa odulidwa zimasunga pafupifupi zigawo zonse za matabwa, ndi ulusi waufupi komanso wokhuthala, woyera pang'ono, mphamvu yofooka, komanso chikasu chosavuta kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, zamkati zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu chogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mtengo wotsika. Zamkati zamatabwa odulidwa nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pepala latsopano ndi makatoni.

Mu 1857, Hutton adapanga mankhwala a pulp. Mtundu uwu wa pulp ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: sulfite pulp, sulfate pulp, ndi caustic soda pulp, kutengera ndi mankhwala ochotsera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yochotsera caustic soda yomwe Hardon adapanga imaphatikizapo kutenthetsa zinthu zopangira mu sodium hydroxide pa kutentha kwakukulu komanso kuthamanga. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamitengo yokhala ndi masamba akulu komanso zomera zofanana ndi tsinde.
Mu 1866, Chiruman anapeza sulfite pulp, yomwe idapangidwa powonjezera zinthu zopangira mu acidic sulfite solution yokhala ndi sulfite yochulukirapo ndikuphika pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu komanso kupsinjika kuti achotse zonyansa monga lignin kuchokera kuzinthu za zomera. Bleached pulp ndi wood pulp zosakanikirana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zopangira pa pepala latsopano, pomwe bleached pulp ndi yoyenera kupanga mapepala apamwamba komanso apakatikati.
Mu 1883, Daru adapanga sulfate pulp, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito sodium hydroxide ndi sodium sulfide pophika motentha kwambiri komanso mopanda mphamvu. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya ulusi wambiri wa pulp yomwe imapangidwa ndi njira iyi, imatchedwa "cowhide pulp". Kraft pulp ndi yovuta kuyeretsa chifukwa cha lignin yotsalira ya bulauni, koma ili ndi mphamvu zambiri, kotero pepala la kraft lomwe limapangidwa ndi loyenera kwambiri papepala lopaka. Blooming pulp ingathenso kuwonjezeredwa ku mapepala ena kuti ipange mapepala osindikizira, koma imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa pepala la kraft ndi pepala lopangidwa ndi corrugated. Ponseponse, kuyambira pomwe pulp ya mankhwala monga sulfite pulp ndi sulfate pulp idawonekera, pepala lasintha kuchoka pa chinthu chapamwamba kukhala chinthu chotsika mtengo.
Mu 1907, ku Ulaya kunapanga sulfite pulp ndi hemp mixed pulp. M'chaka chomwecho, United States inakhazikitsa fakitale yoyamba yopanga mapepala a kraft. Bates amadziwika kuti ndiye anayambitsa "matumba a mapepala a kraft". Poyamba ankagwiritsa ntchito mapepala a kraft poika mchere ndipo pambuyo pake adapeza patent ya "Bates pulp".
Mu 1918, United States ndi Germany zonse zinayamba kupanga matumba a mapepala a kraft pogwiritsa ntchito makina. Mfundo ya Houston ya "kusinthasintha kwa mapepala olemera" inayambanso kuonekera panthawiyo.
Kampani ya Santo Rekis Paper Company ku United States inalowa bwino mumsika wa ku Ulaya pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosokera matumba a makina osokera, womwe pambuyo pake unayambitsidwa ku Japan mu 1927.